The early intervention of their Norman lords at each place, in the 1090s-1100s, perhaps explains this, a common approach taken by both fitzBaldwin and de Beaumont. A similar model has been suggested for the appearance of a large number of Old Norse words in Scottish Gaelic with initial /s/ + stop clusters. Occasionally there are recognisable instances of Norman names, e.g. This may be the result of Anglo-Norman influence (in the south-east) after the 12th century as older authors like O’Rahilly seem to think (1932: 86-98) and certainly applied to many French loanwords, e.g. This is known as the "Plantations of Ireland". Although most of the changes were accepted by the wider public, some did not catch on and were eventually undone. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. Anglo-Norman Ireland c 1200-1318. The Norman invasion was a watershed in Ireland's history, marking the beginning of more than 800 years of direct English and, later, British involvement in Ireland. ‘The medieval English colony’, in Moody and Martin (eds), pp. The town Certain words were borrowed from English into Irish well before the renewed anglicisation of Ireland which took place in the 17th century. Vising, Johan 1923. The Medieval Norman Market Town Of Fethard, County Tipperary On the arrival of the Normans in Ireland, castle fortifications started to be built in order to strengthen the position of the new invaders. Other similarities and differences are also worthy of study, to explore how far Swansea compares with castle-towns established elsewhere in Wales under the Normans in the late-eleventh and early-twelfth centuries. This waned in status after the introduction to Ireland of new continental religious orders (Watt 1972: 41ff.)
In the Republic of Ireland, both Irish and English names have equal status and are displayed on road signs. Galway fought and held out against Cromwell for nine months.
Needless to say, the English viewed this situation with deep suspicion and the Lord Chancellor William Gerrard commented unfavourably in 1578 on the use of Irish by the English ‘even in Dublin’ and regarded the habit and the customs of the Irish as detrimental to the character of the English. Those who settled as part of the "Plantation of Ulster" were required to be English speaking made up mostly of Lowland Scots and some northern English. The high number of everyday loans (see below) would suggest close contact between Anglo-Norman speakers and the local Irish. The layouts of the castle-towns reflect a common concern to connect defence with trade and settlement, with provision in each case for townsfolk to occupy sometimes very generously sized plots fronting onto the streets. Unlike Swansea, however, Carmarthen has first and second-century Roman origins (its name was Moridunum). Most of the counties were named after a town in that county (commonly referred to as a county town); usually an administrative centre. From the late-eleventh century onwards, lands in Wales were given by the new Norman kings of England to their kinsmen and followers. The English government wanted to regulate all aspects of social and private life, even specifying that people had to ride horses in the English manner. Discover the ghosts, secrets and hidden stories of medieval Swansea in this walking tour. Anglo-Norman influence on Irish is considerable in the field of loanwords but the reverse influence is not attested, although official documents exist to almost the end of the 15th century which were written in Anglo-Norman or Latin (Cahill 1938: 160). ‘The literature of Norman Ireland’, in Deane (ed. This applies in particular to /v-/ and /w-/ which appear as /b-/ on borrowing, e.g. those beginning in Fitz- ‘son of’, e.g. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Such names as Butler, Power, Wallace, Durand, Nugent and all those beginning in Fitz-, e.g. One reason might be that the Normans did not found towns. The earliest phase of urban development at Pembroke appears to be the area of the castle-town, and it is recorded – by Gerald of Wales no less – that ‘Arnulf be Montgomery was the first to build a fortification… from wooden stakes and turf’.
Ireland in the Later Middle Ages. The dramatic site, with the town surrounded along its flanks by steep ground, was once nearly fully encircled by water. This part of Haverfordwest may have been developed in the later twelfth century under William Marshall, a nobleman involved in developing new towns in Ireland, in the reign of King John, such as New Ross.
Oxford: University Press. Together they formed a ‘castle-town’, a combination that favoured both the townspeople and the lord, providing a defensive stronghold as well as a trading place.