The major impact of the Thirty Years' War, in which mercenary armies were extensively used, was the devastation of entire regions scavenged bare by the foraging armies. Farnese, the son of Margaret of Parma, was the ablest general of Spain. On his deathbed, Henry III called for Henry of Navarre and begged him, in the name of Statecraft, to become a Catholic, citing the brutal warfare that would ensue if he refused. The population of the Czech lands declined by a third.
The citizens of each state were forced to adopt the religion of their rulers (the principle of, Lutherans could keep the territory that they had captured from the Catholic Church since the, This page was last edited on 23 September 2020, at 21:32.
Shortly after this episode, local resistance to the reforms emerged in England. The last straw was the installation of a Catholic reeve at Baden, and Zürich declared war on 8 June (First War of Kappel), occupied the Thurgau and the territories of the Abbey of St. Gall, and marched to Kappel at the border to Zug.
Protestant authorities substantiate a number of accounts associated with the "justice" of Philip.
She held little power since her authority had been carefully limited by advisors designated by Philip. Further north, the city of Maastricht was besieged on March 12, 1579. This, its opponents believed, was far too catholic in form, and based on the authority of bishops.
as soon as I did that of course I got a huge amonut of AE wich literally afected people close to me to as far away as russia.
This was a means of preserving absolute control over the Low Countries and it was an excellent vehicle to promote the spread of the Inquisition. In the pattern of Calvinist riots in France and the Netherlands, the mob then attacked two friaries in the town, looting their gold and silver and smashing images. The relationship between nature and culture, The term and concept before the 18th century, Enlightenment scorn and Romantic admiration, Late antiquity: the reconfiguration of the Roman world, The organization of late imperial Christianity, The transformation of thought and learning, The structure of ecclesiastical and devotional life, From persuasion to coercion: The emergence of a new ecclesiastical discipline, From territorial principalities to territorial monarchies. At this point in history the Low Countries were a loosely associated cluster of provinces. This was evident from the Cologne War (1582–83), a conflict initiated when the prince-archbishop of the city converted to Calvinism. Mary of Guise gathered those nobles loyal to her and a small French army. Cromwell followed Charles into England, leaving George Monck to finish the campaign in Scotland. Her secretary, William Maitland of Lethington, defected to the Protestant side, bringing his administrative skills.
In France, the Edict of Nantes in 1598 embraced the provisions of previous treaties and accorded the Protestant Huguenots toleration within the state, together with the political and military means of defending the privileges that they had exacted. The Dissolution of the Monasteries, which began in 1536, provoked a violent northern Catholic rebellion in the Pilgrimage of Grace, which was eventually put down with much bloodshed. In 1576, the King signed the Edict of Beaulieu, granting minor concessions to the Calvinists, but a brief Sixth Civil War took place in 1577. In 1588 the destruction of the Spanish Armada against England was intimately connected with the progress of the struggles in France and the Netherlands.
Merchants welcomed the "new" religion. The reformation continued to be imposed on an often unwilling population with the aid of stern laws that made it treason, punishable by death, to oppose the King's actions with respect to religion. Queen Elizabeth of England began to aid the Northern provinces and actually sent troops there in 1585.
During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Netherlands, or Low Countries, were engaged in a seemingly futile struggle for independence against the most dominant power of the times, Spain. Henry was faced with the task of rebuilding a shattered and impoverished Kingdom and reuniting France under a single authority. Mary set out for Stirling on 26 August 1565 to confront them. This played a major part in the rejection of his teachings by many German peasants, particularly in the south.
These figures include the deaths of civilians from diseases, famine, etc., as well as deaths of soldiers in battle and possible massacres and genocide. Protestant is the official faith of the Holy Roman Empire. The Sonderbund War of 1847 was also based on religion. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica.
Conflicts immediately connected with the Reformation of the 1520s to 1550s: German princes could choose the religion (Lutheranism or Catholicism) of their realms according to their conscience. Moray and the rebellious lords were routed and fled into exile; the decisive military action becoming known as the Chaseabout Raid. Most of the 1,600 surviving defenders were put to death and 400 leading citizens were executed. On the political front, William of Orange saw the opportunity to amass support for a large scale insurrection aimed at procuring independence from Spain.